Goals for the learner should be given at the beginning of a presentation.
Strategies for achieving these goals should be made apparent by the very structure of the presentation. These strategies should provide the learner with a variety of options, at a variety of different levels of difficulty, so that they feel "in control". Strategies must also be usable, getting the learner to the goal without making unreasonable demands. In keeping with other principles, the learner should be provided, along the way, with feedback on correct/incorrect responses, opportunities to test and evaluate their partial successes, and information on appropriate ways to proceed.
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